Every year, tens of thousands of seniors end up in the hospital-not because of a fall, infection, or heart problem-but because of a medication they were told was safe. It’s not a rare mistake. It’s systemic. And it’s preventable.

Why Seniors Are More Vulnerable to Medication Risks

As we age, our bodies change in ways most people don’t realize until it’s too late. The liver and kidneys don’t process drugs the same way they did at 40. Muscle mass drops, fat increases, and brain sensitivity to certain chemicals rises. What was a harmless dose at 55 can become dangerous at 75.

Take zolpidem (Ambien), a common sleep aid. For a 30-year-old, it’s fine. For a 72-year-old, it’s a fall waiting to happen. Studies show seniors on zolpidem have a 2.5 times higher risk of hip fractures due to lingering drowsiness-even the next morning. That’s not a side effect. That’s a safety hazard.

And it’s not just one drug. Nearly 40% of older adults take five or more medications daily. That’s called polypharmacy. And with each added pill, the chance of a bad interaction, overdose, or hidden side effect grows. The CDC says this leads to over $177 billion in preventable hospital costs every year in the U.S. alone.

The Beers Criteria: The Gold Standard for Safe Prescribing

If you’re a senior or caring for one, you need to know about the AGS Beers Criteria. First created in 1991 by Dr. Mark Beers and updated every two years, it’s the most trusted guide in the U.S. for identifying medications that are risky for older adults.

The 2023 version lists 30 classes of drugs and 14 individual medications that should generally be avoided in people over 65. These aren’t random picks. Each was chosen based on real-world data showing harm: falls, confusion, kidney damage, or even death.

Here’s what’s on the list-and why it matters:

• Glyburide (Diabeta®): A diabetes drug that can cause dangerous low blood sugar. In seniors, it triggers hypoglycemia in nearly 30% of users-almost double the rate of safer alternatives like glipizide. Emergency visits from this alone hit 4.2 per 100 patients each year.
• Diphenhydramine (Benadryl®): Found in allergy pills, sleep aids, and even some cold meds. It has a high anticholinergic score (ACB=3), meaning it blocks brain chemicals linked to memory. Long-term use increases dementia risk by 54% after just over three years of daily use.
• Promethazine (Phenergan®): Used for nausea and allergies, but it can trigger severe muscle stiffness, tremors, or seizures in seniors with Parkinson’s or epilepsy. One study found it doubled seizure frequency in patients over 65.
• Nitrofurantoin (Macrobid®): A common UTI antibiotic. But if kidney function is even slightly reduced-which is common in older adults-it can cause deadly lung damage. Mortality from acute reactions hits nearly 20%.
• Benzodiazepines (Valium®, Xanax®, Ativan®): These sedatives increase fall risk by 82% and raise the chance of car crashes by 48% in drivers over 75. The 2023 update added them to the high-risk list for insomnia because long-term use is linked to a 50% higher death rate over five years.

What’s Replacing These Dangerous Drugs?

The good news? There are safer, just-as-effective options for almost every high-risk medication.

For sleep problems, ditch zolpidem. Try trazodone-a low-dose antidepressant that’s gentler on the body and doesn’t cause next-day grogginess. Clinical trials show it cuts fall-related ER visits by more than half.

For allergies or nausea, avoid promethazine and diphenhydramine. Use ondansetron for nausea-it’s effective and doesn’t cause drowsiness. For allergies, loratadine or cetirizine are anticholinergic-free and far safer.

For diabetes, swap glyburide for glipizide or even better, metformin. Glipizide has a much shorter half-life, meaning it clears the body faster and rarely causes dangerous lows. Patients who made the switch reported better energy, fewer dizzy spells, and no more midnight panic attacks from low blood sugar.

For chronic pain, avoid meperidine (Demerol®). It breaks down into a toxin called normeperidine that builds up in older kidneys and can trigger seizures. Use acetaminophen instead-or if stronger pain control is needed, low-dose oxycodone with close monitoring.

For high blood pressure, skip alpha-blockers like doxazosin or terazosin. They cause sudden drops in blood pressure when standing, leading to fainting. Studies show they’re 3.2 times more likely to cause syncope than chlorthalidone, a long-acting diuretic that’s safer and more effective for seniors.

How to Do a Medication Review (Step by Step)

You don’t need a PhD to spot red flags. Here’s how to do a simple, effective review:

1. Collect all meds. Bring every pill bottle, patch, inhaler, and liquid to your doctor or pharmacist. Don’t trust memory. Include over-the-counter drugs and supplements.
2. Check for anticholinergic burden. Add up the ACB scores of all your meds. If the total is 3 or higher, you’re at high risk for memory loss and confusion. Diphenhydramine (3), oxybutynin (3), and amitriptyline (3) are common culprits.
3. Ask about kidney function. If your eGFR is below 60, many drugs become dangerous. Ask your doctor to test this at least once a year.
4. Ask: “Is this still necessary?” Many seniors stay on meds long after they’re needed. A 2021 study found 27% of seniors were still taking a benzodiazepine they’d been on for 10+ years-despite clear guidelines against it.
5. Request a pharmacist consult. Medicare covers Medication Therapy Management (MTM) for people on multiple drugs. A clinical pharmacist can spot interactions you and your doctor might miss.

Real Stories, Real Consequences

One 78-year-old woman in Ohio was taking amitriptyline for nerve pain. She started having severe constipation, then bowel obstruction. Hospitalized. She didn’t know amitriptyline was an anticholinergic. When switched to duloxetine, her symptoms vanished in weeks.

A man in Florida was on glyburide for 15 years. He kept falling-once breaking his wrist. His daughter found out he was on a high-risk drug. After switching to glipizide, he went from needing a walker to walking the dog daily.

On Reddit, hundreds of families share stories like these. One thread titled “Phenergan made my 82-year-old dad act like a zombie” had 142 comments. 73% recommended ondansetron instead. No one said, “It’s fine.”

What’s Changing in 2025?

The system is waking up. In January 2024, Medicare started tying 5% of Advantage plan bonuses to how well they reduce high-risk prescriptions. Pharmacies now use tools like Surescripts that flag Beers Criteria drugs before they’re filled. Electronic health records from Epic and Cerner automatically warn doctors when they try to prescribe zolpidem or glyburide to someone over 65.

But the biggest change? Awareness. More seniors are asking questions. More doctors are listening. And more pharmacists are stepping in.

Still, 58% of seniors using risky meds don’t even know there’s a safer option. And only 32% say their doctor ever talked to them about the risks.

If you’re taking five or more medications, don’t wait for your doctor to bring it up. Bring it up yourself.

What to Ask Your Doctor

Next time you’re prescribed something-or refilling an old script-ask these questions:

• Is this medication on the Beers Criteria list?
• Is there a safer alternative for someone my age?
• Could this interact with my other meds?
• Can we try stopping this one to see if I feel better?
• Do I really need to take this every day?

There’s no shame in questioning a prescription. In fact, it’s the smartest thing you can do.